This article investigates the problem of simultaneous attitude and vibration control of a flexible spacecraft to perform high precision attitude maneuvers and reduce vibrations caused by the flexible panel excitations in the presence of external disturbances, system uncertainties, and actuator faults. Adaptive integral sliding mode control is used in conjunction with an attitude actuator fault iterative learning observer (based on sliding mode) to develop an Active fault tolerant algorithm considering rigid-flexible body dynamic interactions. The discontinuous structure of fault-tolerant control led to discontinuous commands in the control signal, resulting in chattering. This issue was resolved by introducing an adaptive rule for the sliding surface. Furthermore, the utilization of the sign function in the iterative learning observer for estimating actuator faults has not only enhanced its robustness to external disturbances through a straightforward design, but has also led to a decrease in computing workload. The strain rate feedback control algorithm has been employed with the use of piezoelectric sensor/actuator patches to minimize residual vibrations caused by rigid-flexible body dynamic interactions and the effect of attitude actuator faults. Lyapunov's law ensures finite-time overall system stability even with fully coupled rigid-flexible nonlinear dynamics. Numerical simulations demonstrate the performance and advantages of the proposed system compared to other conventional approaches.

fault-tolerant control is one of the important issues in automatic control. The reason for this importance is the probability of fault/ failure occurrence in controlling subsystems (sensor-actuator-system). Direct access to spacecraft is not always possible, Therefore fault-tolerant control has become even more important in space systems. On the other hand, due to the necessity for weight reduction in these systems, employing hardware redundancy has limitations. So, analytical redundancy has gained much attention in such systems. In this paper, reference inputs are corrected based an open-loop control command adjustment. Using simulation shown, without reference input adjustment, the controller will not be able to satisfy mission requirements when actuator faults occur. Then, the proposed method is used and the desired requirements are satisfied. The advantage of the proposed method is that, there is no need for taking the first and second derivatives of the reference inputs and these inputs can be obtained through integration. . This will prevent computational problems associated with differentiation.

In this paper, an Active approach for designing fault Tolerant Controller (FTC) is proposed. This aprroach utilizes the idea of dynamical observer for simultaneous estimation of system states and faults. The main advantage of the dynamical observer is looking at the simultaneous estimation of system states and faults purely as a robust control problem. In this proposed approach, the controller has a fixed structure and there is no need to reconfiguration of the controller to accommodate or compensate the effect of the faults occurred in the system which makes the proposed approach practical for real systems. The control law is a linear function of the system states and estimated faults and is designed to keep the closed loop system asymptotically stable and the performance of the closed loop system in an acceptable level in the presence of faults and disturbances. A constructive algorithm based on Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) is presented for FTC design. The merit of the proposed control scheme has been verified by the simulation on the four-tank process subjected to the actuator faults.

fault migration, an important phenomenon in fault-zones, is neither fully investigated nor defined comprehensively. In this paper, based on observations on Ardekul Active fault zone (Eastern Iran), an evolutionary path is considered for strike-slip fault zone. According to this evolutionary path four stages; namely embryonic, youth, maturity and declining have been recognized. This evolutionary path may be generalized over different scales of brittle deformation. The proposed evolutionary path makes the fault migration clear. A case study of Ardekul fault zone is chosen for applying defined fault zone evolution and fault migration. Based on the results, fault migration can be divided into two grades; first, the prior and second, the posterior fault migration. Details of prior migration are distinguished including time of occurrence, stages, types, scales and mechanisms of migration, effective factors on migration and its characteristic features. The posterior migration can be studied from the viewpoint of prior migration. Moreover, the fault migration can be comprehensively classified into two topics; production-oriented fault migration and development-oriented fault migration. Some clay cake experiments are also designed to show the prior and posterior fault migrations.

The slow rate of Active deformation and the absence of historical and instrumental moderate to large earthquakes in the Zanjan area have led to an underestimation of the Active tectonic and seismotectonic impacts of major tectonic structures such as the Soltanieh and North Zanjan faults. The North Zanjan fault (NZF), marking the western boundary of the Alborz Mountains, is a dextral reverse fault that directly affects the western districts of Zanjan city, where new urban and industrial sectors are emerging. However, it remains uncertain whether the fault experiences aseismic or seismogenic slip. Obtaining a geologically reliable answer to this question is crucial for our assessment of seismic hazard in the Zanjan region. In the absence of significant seismic activity, and in an effort to characterize the fault's behavior, we conducted an extensive investigation spanning several thousand years of geological activity along the NZF. This study involved a combination of photogrammetric technique, tectonic geomorphology, remote sensing, and field surveys. We utilized a wide array of aerial and specialized datasets, including open-access satellite images (e.g., Google Earth and SASPlanet), Keyhole (KH)9 dataset (1970-1980), 12.50 m ALOSPALSAR Digital Terrain Model, 30 m SRTM data, as well as drone-based Digital Surface Models (DSMs) and ortho-mosaics. Our three-dimensional morphotectonic analysis of both general-scale and newly acquired site-scale DEMs revealed a complex structural pattern for the NZF. This pattern consists of three distinct northern, central, and southern portions, interconnected through arrays of imbricate thrust faults.     The primary fault zone has migrated westward from the mountain front into the Quaternary plain. Sharp centimetric lateral and vertical displacements observed in present-day geomorphology suggest abrupt recent movements along the fault, indicating the seismogenic nature of a significant portion of the fault slip. The most recent fault offsets are observed along the southern and central fault zones, where the offsets recorded by Active streambeds or gullies do not exceed approximately 0.5 meters vertically and 1.10 meters in total displacements. Assuming a similar order of total displacement for the average slip per event implies a moment magnitude in the range of 6.7 to 7.0 for the last earthquake along the NZF. Our findings provide a solid foundation for future complementary studies on the paleoseismicity and slip rate of the fault. This study demonstrates that multi-scale temporal and spatial datasets can be confidently employed in Active tectonic studies on slowly slipping Active faults. When accompanied by Quaternary dating, these datasets can unveil the history of faulting in intracontinental regions affected by low rates of Active deformation.

The Anaran anticline is located between Lurestan (in the north) and Dezful Embayment (in the south) zones in the Zagros fold-thrust belt. This anticline and adjacent anticlines are affected by the Balarud blind thrust fault zone, which is a part of Mountain Front fault. The Mountain Front fault is a major topographic front that can be traced along the Zagros folded-thrust belt in the Izeh, Fars, Lurestan and Dezful Embayment. The field observations, analyses of the geometric parameters and comparison of the anticline with the theoretical fault-related folding models suggest that the Anaran anticline is a fault-bend fold mode Õ that is sheared by Balarud blind thrust fault zone.

In this paper, a dual-Active bridge converter based on the utilization of two transformers is presented. The principles of operation, switching strategy, and transmission power characteristics of the proposed converter under normal operation are discussed, comprehensively. Moreover, the RMS current of two transformers with different values of inductances of the inductors that are in series with the transformers; is discussed. The operation of the proposed dual Active bridge (DAB) converter under the open-circuit failure of transformers is studied. In addition, the loss distribution of the proposed converter in different powers is investigated. The proposed dual-transformer-based dual-Active bridge converter is compared with the presented converters. Finally, the proposed converter with a low-voltage side (VL= 300 V), the switching frequency of power MOSFETs (fs= 50 kHz), and an accurate model of the electric battery at a high-voltage side (VH= 450 V) are simulated to verify the way of charging and discharging the electrical battery with the proposed converter under normal and open-circuit fault of transformers.

Dorouneh fault System (DFS) is located along northern border of Central Iran microplate. Its mechanism is left-lateral strike-slip with reverse dip-slip component. Considering curve geometry of DFS, it is divided into three major parts: eastern, middle and western. Middle part extends from Torbat-e-Heidarieh city in the east to Anabad village in the west. It passes through Quaternary loose alluviums. DFS is composed of different segments in this part. Bend and right-lateral en echelon geometry at surface and left-lateral strike-slip movement of DFS cause local transpression that is observed as young folding. Fold core is composed of Neogene marl, sandstone and siltstone and fold limbs are composed of Pleistocene loose gravely sediments. Mentioned folds were formed by two different mechanisms: first, Anticlines that formed in right-step bends of DFS and second, pressure ridges that are limited among parallel branches and overlaps of DFS. Estimation of relative uplift rate along mentioned folds indicates that more earthquakes occur in regions with higher uplift rate.

In this paper, a dual-Active bridge converter based on the utilization of two transformers is presented. The principles of operation, switching strategy, and transmission power characteristics of the proposed converter under normal operation are discussed, comprehensively. Moreover, the RMS current of two transformers with different values of inductances of the inductors that are in series with the transformers; is discussed. The operation of the proposed dual Active bridge (DAB) converter under the open-circuit failure of transformers is studied. In addition, the loss distribution of the proposed converter in different powers is investigated. The proposed dual-transformer-based dual-Active bridge converter is compared with the presented converters. Finally, the proposed converter with a low-voltage side (VL= 300 V), the switching frequency of power MOSFETs (fs= 50 kHz), and an accurate model of the electric battery at a high-voltage side (VH= 450 V) are simulated to verify the way of charging and discharging the electrical battery with the proposed converter under normal and open-circuit fault of transformers.

Tabriz fault, oriented NW to SE, on its NW continuation that includes Mishow northern fault, is a right- lateral strike-slip fault and one of the most seismically Active zones in Azerbaijan of Iran. Studies on different parts of this fault indicate that there are numerous geomorphologic features due to tectonic activities along it. Sag ponds are one of the features that in spite of their importance from geologic, geomorphologic and tectonic point of view have not been studied in this area. Therefore, this paper attempts to study several sag ponds along Tabriz and northern Mishow faults including Bostan-Abad Ghouri-ghol, Payam, Aralan, and Mishow Ghouri-ghol dry sag ponds. An introduction to sag ponds as a geomorphic effect of the strike-slip faults to recognition of Active faults is the main goal of the paper. All of these sag ponds are bounded by stike-slip and normal faults, subjects for previous investigations, field observations and geomorphic indices such as offset and deflected drainage and displaced terraces and alluvial fans. Obtained results from sag ponds and infilling of these basins by young Quaternary deposits indicate that Tabriz and northern Mishow faults are Active faults, capable of generating relatively strong earthquakes in the future.